How do Geiger-Muller counters detect radiation?

Geiger-Muller counters operate based on the principle of detecting ionizing events that produce electrical pulses. When ionizing radiation, such as alpha or beta particles, enters the Geiger-Muller tube, it interacts with the gas inside the tube, causing ionization. This process creates free electrons and positive ions. The electric field within the tube drives these charged particles towards the electrodes, leading to a cascade effect known as gas multiplication. As the electrons accelerate and collide with more gas molecules, they produce additional ionization. This results in a measurable pulse of electrical current, which the counter registers.

This method of detection is highly effective for radiation monitoring, as the device can respond rapidly to ionizing radiation events, providing an immediate count of incidents over time. Consequently, this capability of detecting and amplifying ionization events makes the Geiger-Muller counter a popular choice for various applications in radiation safety and monitoring.